The seven capital virtues are virtues
are opposing the seven capital sins.
Humility is the opposite of pride.
Generosity is the opposite of avarice.
Brotherly love is the opposite of envy.
Meekness is the opposite of wrath.
Chastity is the opposite of lust.
Moderation is the opposite of gluttony.
Zeal is the opposite of sloth.
The seven capital virtues compliment
the
(or seven heavenly virtues),
a grouping of the
four cardinal virtues of:
prudence,
temperance,
fortitude,
and justice,
and the three theological virtues of:
faith,
hope,
and charity.
=======================================
Ten Commandments
The commandments engraved on stone tablets and given to Moses by God on Mount Sinai.
These commandments are the heart of the divine law in the Old Testament.
The usual enumeration is:
(I) I am the Lord thy God; thou shalt have no other gods before me.
(II) Thou shalt not take the name of the Lord thy God in vain.
(III) Remember the Sabbath day, to keep it holy.
(IV) Honor thy father and thy mother.
(V) Thou shalt not kill. (VI) Thou shalt not commit adultery. (VII) Thou shalt not steal.
(VIII) Thou shalt not bear false witness against thy neighbor.
(IX) Thou shalt not covet thy neighbor's house.
(X) Thou shalt not covet thy neighbor's wife,
nor his manservant, nor his maidservant,
nor his ox, nor his ass, nor anything
that is thy neighbor's.
"I am the LORD your God who brought you out of the land of Egypt..."
This commandment is to believe in the existence of God, that God is eternal, that God is the sole creator of all that exists, that God determines the course of events in this world.
"Thou shall have no other gods besides Me... Do not make a sculpted image or any likeness of what is in the heavens above..."
This prohibits belief in or worship of any additional deities, gods, spirits or incarnations. To deny the uniqueness of God, is to deny all that is written in the Torah. It is also a prohibition against making or possessing objects that one or other may bow down to or serve, including any artistic representations of God or any sculpture of a human being. One must not bow down to or serve any being or object but God.
"Thou shall not swear falsely by the name of the LORD..."
This commandment is to never take the name of God in a vain oath. This includes four types of prohibited oaths: an oath affirming as true a matter one knows to be false, an oath that affirms the patently obvious, an oath denying the truth of a matter one knows to be true, and an oath to perform an act that is beyond one's capabilities.
"Remember the Sabbath day and keep it holy"
One is to declare the greatness and the holiness of the Sabbath, and observe each Sabbath day, as God defined for the Jews during the Exodus. Each day of the Exodus, God provided food to the Jews to collect except on the Sabbath. Instead a double portion was provided the day before the Sabbath. One is enjoined from performing work on the Sabbath.
"Thou shall Honor your father and your mother..."
The obligation to honor one's parents is an obligation that one owes to God and fulfills this obligation through one's actions towards one's parents. When compared to other laws of the Ancient East (for instance, the Code of Hammurabi), the Torah is the first that calls for equal respect of the father and the mother. Jewish sages note that the 5th commandment, on the border between commandments on relationship with God and those between humankind, is to "Honor your father and your mother...", and draw lessons from this that a person should respect parents (and by implication, elders) only somewhat less than one would God himself, and that parents should be moral guidance to a person as God is to society.
"Thou shall not murder" (Hebrew: לֹא תִרְצַח)
Murder is a capital sin.
Judaism does not dogmatically regard abortion as murder (c.f Ex. 21:22-23, and Rashi thereon), although Orthodox Judaism prohibits abortion in most circumstances based on several other prohibitions.
"Thou shall not commit adultery."
Adultery is defined as cohabitation with a married woman.
"Thou shall not steal."
This is not understood as stealing in the conventional sense, since theft of property is forbidden elsewhere and is not a capital offense.
It can mean "do not kidnap".
"Thou shall not bear false witness against your neighbor"
One must not bear false witness in a court of law or other proceeding. Lying is forbidden elsewhere and is not a capital offence.
"Thou shall not covet your neighbor's house..."
One is forbidden to desire and plan how one may obtain that which God has given to another. Maimonides makes a distinction in codifying the laws between the instruction given here in Exodus (You shall not covet) and that given in Deuteronomy (You shall not desire), according to which one does not violate the Exodus commandment unless there is a physical action associated with the desire, even if this is legally purchasing an envied object.
According to the Medieval Sefer ha-Chinuch, the first four statements concern the relationship between God and human beings,
while the second six statements concern the relationship between human beings. Rabbinic literature holds that the Ten Statements in fact contain 14 or 15 distinct instructions.