Foreign Gov. defined by Title 18

Ice · #1 02-27-2004, 10:37 AM

I found this to be interesting.
TITLE 18 - CRIMES AND CRIMINAL PROCEDURE<?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o

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& PART I - CRIMES<o

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& CHAPTER 1 - GENERAL PROVISIONS<o

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& Sec. 11. Foreign government defined<o

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& The term ''foreign government'', as used in this title except in sections 112, 878, 970, 1116, and 1201, includes any government, faction, or body of insurgents within a country with which the United States is at peace, irrespective of recognition by the United States.<o></o>
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& (June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 686; Pub. L. 94-467, Sec. 11, Oct. 8, 1976, 90 Stat. 2001.)

Jerseee · #2 02-27-2004, 12:42 PM

Ice,

this crap is killing me softly!!& they write this stuff and then when you go into court and repaet or cite what they wrote, they act like they don't know what's going on or they just try to ignore it.& it enough to make you want to hurt them financially!& Nice find.

Ice · #3 02-27-2004, 12:49 PM

If you found that interesting... take a look at this, note the BOLD UNDERLINE.& You'll have to scroll down a bit to find it.& Read the Statute first, then scroll down to Amendments.& It's amazing what one can find within the code.
-CITE-<?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o

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& 18 USC Sec. 112& 01/22/02<o

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& TITLE 18 - CRIMES AND CRIMINAL PROCEDURE<o

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& PART I - CRIMES<o

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& CHAPTER 7 - ASSAULT<o

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& Sec. 112. Protection of foreign officials, official guests, and internationally protected persons<o

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& (a) Whoever assaults, strikes, wounds, imprisons, or offers violence to a foreign official, official guest, or internationally protected person or makes any other violent attack upon the person or liberty of such person, or, if likely to endanger his person or liberty, makes a violent attack upon his official premises, private accommodation, or means of transport or attempts to commit any of the foregoing shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than three years, or both.& Whoever in the commission of any such act uses a deadly or dangerous weapon, or inflicts bodily injury, shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than ten years, or both.<o

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& (b) Whoever willfully -<o

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& (1) intimidates, coerces, threatens, or harasses a foreign official or an official guest or obstructs a foreign official in the performance of his duties;<o

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& (2) attempts to intimidate, coerce, threaten, or harass a foreign official or an official guest or obstruct a foreign official in the performance of his duties; or<o

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& (3) within the United States and within one hundred feet of any building or premises in whole or in part owned, used, or occupied for official business or for diplomatic, consular, or residential purposes by -<o

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& (A) a foreign government, including such use as a mission to an international organization;<o

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& (B] an international organization;<o

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& (C) a foreign official; or<o

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& (D) an official guest;<o

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& congregates with two or more other persons with intent to violate any other provision of this section; shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than six months, or both.<o

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& (c) For the purpose of this section ''foreign government'', ''foreign official'', ''internationally protected person'', ''international organization'', ''national of the United States'', and ''official guest'' shall have the same meanings as those provided in section 1116(b) of this title.<o

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& (d) Nothing contained in this section shall be construed or applied so as to abridge the exercise of rights guaranteed under the first amendment to the Constitution of the United States.<o

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& (e) If the victim of an offense under subsection (a) is an internationally protected person outside the United States, the United States may exercise jurisdiction over the offense if (1) the victim is a representative, officer, employee, or agent of the United States, (2) an offender is a national of the United States, or (3) an offender is afterwards found in the United States. As used in this subsection, the United States includes all areas under the jurisdiction of the United States including any of the places within the provisions of sections 5 and 7 of this title and section 46501(2) of title 49.<o

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& (f) In the course of enforcement of subsection (a) and any other sections prohibiting a conspiracy or attempt to violate subsection (a), the Attorney General may request assistance from any Federal, State, or local agency, including the Army, Navy, and Air Force, any statute, rule, or regulation to the contrary, notwithstanding.<o

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& (June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 688; Pub. L. 88-493, Sec. 1, Aug. 27, 1964, 78 Stat. 610; Pub. L. 92-539, title III, Sec. 301, Oct. 24, 1972, 86 Stat. 1072; Pub. L. 94-467, Sec. 5, Oct. 8, 1976, 90 Stat. 1999; Pub. L. 95-163, Sec. 17(b)(1), Nov. 9, 1977, 91 Stat. 1286; Pub. L. 95-504, Sec. 2(b), Oct. 24, 1978, 92 Stat. 1705; Pub. L. 100-690, title VI, Sec. 6478, Nov. 18, 1988, 102 Stat. 4381; Pub. L. 103-272, Sec. 5(e)(2), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1373; Pub. L. 103-322, title XXXII, Sec. 320101(b), title XXXIII, Sec. 330016(1)(G), (K), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2108, 2147; Pub. L. 104-132, title VII, Sec. 721(d), Apr. 24, 1996, 110 Stat. 1298; Pub. L. 104-294, title VI, Sec. 604(b)(12)(A), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3507.)<o

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HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES<o

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& Based on section 255 of title 22, U.S.C., 1940 ed., Foreign Relations and Intercourse (R.S. Sec. 4062).<o

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& Punishment provision was rewritten to make it more definite by substituting a maximum of $5,000 in lieu of the words ''fined at the discretion of the court.'' As thus revised this provision conforms with the first punishment provision of section 111 of this title.& So, also, the greater punishment provided by the second paragraph of section 111 was added to this section for offenses involving the use of dangerous weapons.<o

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&AMENDMENTS<o

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& 1996 - Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 104-294 repealed Pub. L. 103-322, Sec. 320101(b)(1). See 1994 Amendment note below.<o

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Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 104-132, Sec. 721(d)(1), inserted '' 'national of the United States','' before ''and 'official guest'''.<o></o>
& Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 104-132, Sec. 721(d)(2), inserted first sentence and struck out former first sentence which read as follows: ''If the victim of an offense under subsection (a) is an internationally protected person, the United States may exercise jurisdiction over the offense if the alleged offender is present within the United States, irrespective of the place where the offense was committed or the nationality of the victim or the alleged offender.''<o

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& 1994 - Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 103-322, Sec. 330016(1)(K), substituted ''under this title'' for ''not more than $5,000'' before ''or imprisoned not more than three years''.<o

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& Pub. L. 103-322, Sec. 320101(b)(2), (3), inserted '', or inflicts bodily injury,'' after ''weapon'' and substituted ''under this title'' for ''not more than $10,000'' before ''or imprisoned not more than ten years''.<o

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& Pub. L. 103-322, Sec. 320101(b)(1), which provided for amendment identical to Pub. L. 103-322, Sec. 330016(1)(K), above, was repealed by Pub. L. 104-294, Sec. 604(b)(12)(A).<o

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& Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 103-322, Sec. 330016(1)(G), in concluding provisions, substituted ''under this title'' for ''not more than $500''.<o

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& Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 103-272 substituted ''section 46501(2) of title 49'' for ''section 101(38) of the Federal Aviation Act of&1958, as amended (49 U.S.C. 1301(38))''.<o

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& 1988 - Subsec. (b)(3). Pub. L. 100-690 struck out ''but outside the District of Columbia'' after ''United States''.<o

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& 1978 - Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 95-504 substituted reference to section 101(38) of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958 for reference to section 101(35) of such Act.<o

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& 1977 - Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 95-163 substituted reference to section 101(35) of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958 for reference to section 101(34) of such Act.<o

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& 1976 - Pub. L. 94-467 substituted ''official guests, and internationally protected persons'' for ''and official guests'' in&section catchline.<o

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 &Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 94-467 substituted ''official guest, or internationally protected person'' for ''or official guest'' and inserted provision including any other violent attack on the person or the liberty of such official, guest, or protected person, his official premises, private accommodation, or means of transport, or any attempt thereof, as acts subject to fine or imprisonment.<o

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& Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 94-467 restructured subsec. (b) and added pars. (2) and (3).<o

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& Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 94-467 redesignated subsec. (d) as (c), inserted ''internationally protected persons'', and struck out&reference to section 1116(c) of this title.& Former subsec. (c), which related to punishment for intimidating or harassing demonstrations against foreign officials or any combination of two or more persons for such purposes, within one hundred feet of any buildings or premises owned by a foreign government located within the United States but outside the District of Columbia, was struck out.<o

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& Subsecs. (d) to (f). Pub. L. 94-467 added subsecs. (e) and (f) and redesignated former subsecs. (d) and (e) as (c) and (d), respectively.<o

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& 1972 - Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 92-539 substituted ''Protection of foreign officials and official guests'' for ''Assaulting certain foreign diplomatic and other official personnel'' in section catchline, designated existing provisions as subsec. (a), and substituted ''a foreign official or official guest'' for ''the person of a head of foreign state or foreign government, foreign minister, ambassador or other public minister'' and ''act'' for ''acts''.<o

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& Subsecs. (b) to (e). Pub. L. 92-539 added subsecs. (b) to (e).<o

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& 1964 - Pub. L. 88-493 included heads of foreign states or governments and foreign ministers.<o

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&EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1996 AMENDMENT<o

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& Amendment by Pub. L. 104-294 effective Sept. 13, 1994, see section 604(d) of Pub. L. 104-294, set out as a note under section 13 of this title.<o

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&SHORT TITLE OF 1976 AMENDMENT<o

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& Section 1 of Pub. L. 94-467 provided: ''That this Act (enacting section 878 of this title, amending this section and sections 11, 970, 1116, and 1201 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under this section) may be cited as the 'Act for the Prevention and Punishment of Crimes Against Internationally Protected Persons'.''<o

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SHORT TITLE OF 1972 AMENDMENT<o

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& Section 1 of Pub. L. 92-539 provided: ''That this Act (enacting sections 970, 1116, and 1117 of this title, amending this section and section 1201 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under this section) may be cited as the 'Act for the Protection of Foreign Officials and Official Guests of the United States'.''<o

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&STATE AND LOCAL LAWS NOT SUPERSEDED<o

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& Section 10 of Pub. L. 94-467 provided that: ''Nothing contained in this Act (see Short Title of 1976 Amendment note above) shall be construed to indicate an intent on the part of Congress to occupy the field in which its provisions operate to the exclusion of the laws of any State, Commonwealth, territory, possession, or the District of Columbia, on the same subject matter, nor to relieve any person of any obligation imposed by any law of any State, Commonwealth, territory, possession, or the District of Columbia, including the obligation of all persons having official law enforcement powers to take appropriate action, such as effecting arrests, for Federal as well as non-Federal violations.''<o

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CONGRESSIONAL FINDINGS AND DECLARATION OF POLICY<o

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& Section 2 of Pub. L. 92-539 provided that: ''The Congress recognizes that from the beginning of our history as a nation, the police power to investigate, prosecute, and punish common crimes such as murder, kidnaping, and assault has resided in the several States, and that such power should remain with the States.<o

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''The Congress finds, however, that harassment, intimidation,&obstruction, coercion, and acts of violence committed against foreign officials or their family members in the United States or against official guests of the United States adversely affect the foreign relations of the United States.<o

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''Accordingly, this legislation is intended to afford the United States jurisdiction concurrent with that of the several States to proceed against those who by such acts interfere with its conduct of foreign affairs.''<o

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FEDERAL PREEMPTION<o

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& Section 3 of Pub. L. 92-539 provided that: ''Nothing contained in this Act (see Short Title of 1972 Amendment note above) shall be construed to indicate an intent on the part of Congress to occupy the field in which its provisions operate to the exclusion of the laws of any State, Commonwealth, territory, possession, or the District of Columbia on the same subject matter, nor to relieve any person of any obligation imposed by any law of any State, Commonwealth, territory, possession, or the District of Columbia.''<o

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IMMUNITY FROM CRIMINAL PROSECUTION<o

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& Section 5 of Pub. L. 88-493 provided that: ''Nothing contained in this Act (amending this section and section 1114 of this title, and enacting section 170e-1 of former Title 5, Executive Departments and Government Officers and Employees) shall create immunity from criminal prosecution under any laws in any State, Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, territory, possession, or the District of Columbia.''<o

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SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS<o

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& This section is referred to in sections 11, 878, 3286 of this title; title 22 section 2709.

Ice · #4 02-27-2004, 12:58 PM

Jerseee,

Regarding the first post... U.S. corp. does not "recognize" the united States of America as a foreign government... but this definition covers the grounds for the united States of America as being a foreign government to the U.S.

Don't ya think?

And the post underneath that kinda supports that in view of the amendment adding "American national" in the list of foreign or internationally protected people.

Don't ya think?

&

Jerseee · #5 02-27-2004, 03:30 PM

Please stop.& this is making me sick to my stomach.

What a bunch of crock.& these guys are straight up criminals!!!!& they try folks under this codified law--knowing damn well that the majority of the people are nationals!!!

(barfing)......

Ice · #6 02-27-2004, 03:56 PM

Well, my point is just that it is amazing what you find stashed in the code when you're eyes are somewhat opened.& The possibilities in the word play that goes on is mind boggling.

But, at the very least, we can find code that supports theories in regards to jurisdictional issues... wasn't that kinda nice of them to include such?

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#7 01-17-2005, 03:59 AM

Ice,

You stated the following:

Quote:

Jerseee,

Regarding the first post... U.S. corp. does not "recognize" the united States of America as a foreign government... but this definition covers the grounds for the united States of America as being a foreign government to the U.S.

Don't ya think?

And the post underneath that kinda supports that in view of the amendment adding "American national" in the list of foreign or internationally protected people.

Don't ya think?

With respect to your first point, here's the definition of United States according to the code:

TITLE 18 > PART I > CHAPTER 1 > § 5
§ 5. United States defined

The term “United States”, as used in this title in a territorial sense, includes all places and waters, continental or insular, subject to the jurisdiction of the United States, except the Canal Zone.

I find it interesting that you said, "...but this definition covers the grounds..." since the code refers to this particular definition of United States as being one "...in territorial sense,..." Anytime you see the word "territorial" being used in this context, go ahead and substitute "jurisdictional" in it place. (This is more a comment for readers at large. I know you know this.) Or, as in the case of this particular definition, skip over the part of the sentence which reads, "as used in this title in a territorial sense" and it'll mean the same thing.

The use of the word territorial adds nothing to the definition. It is purposely there to obfuscate and confuse, imho. As my sixth grade teacher used to say, "don't add words that add nothing to the meaning". She usually made this comment when someone tried to stretch a 300 word essay about "what I did for my summer vacation" into a 500 word essay. Well, I guess we know where those kids wound up working!

Bottom line, the answer is: Yes, absolutely.

The answer to the second question is also "Yes", particularly when you read the definition of “national of the United States”:

TITLE 8 > CHAPTER 12 > SUBCHAPTER I > § 1101
§ 1101. Definitions
(a)As used in this chapter—
(22) The term “national of the United States” means
a citizen of the United States, or a person who, though not a
citizen of the United States, owes permanent allegiance to the
United States.

B.

weishaupt1776 · #8 01-17-2005, 02:46 PM

http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-...=Cite:+18USC11

From the U.S. Code Online via GPO Access
[wais.access.gpo.gov]
[Laws in effect as of January 7, 2003]
[Document not affected by Public Laws enacted between
January 7, 2003 and February 12, 2003]
[CITE: 18USC11]

TITLE 18--CRIMES AND CRIMINAL PROCEDURE

PART I--CRIMES

CHAPTER 1--GENERAL PROVISIONS

Sec. 11. Foreign government defined

The term ``foreign government'', as used in this title except in
sections 112, 878, 970, 1116, and 1201, includes any government,
faction, or body of insurgents within a country with which the United
States is at peace, irrespective of recognition by the United States.

(June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 686; Pub. L. 94-467, Sec. 11, Oct. 8,
1976, 90 Stat. 2001.)

Historical and Revision Notes

Based on title 18, U.S.C., 1940 ed., Secs. 98, 288, 349; section 235
of title 22 U.S.C., 1940 ed., Foreign Relations and Intercourse; section
41 of title 50, U.S.C., 1940 ed., War and National Defense (June 15,
1917, ch. 30, title VIII, Sec. 4, 40 Stat. 226).
The definition of ``foreign government'' contained in this section,
with minor changes in phraseology, is from section 4 of title VIII of
act June 15, 1917 (Ch. 30, 40 Stat. 217, 226), known as the Espionage
Act of 1917. This definition was incorporated in sections 98, 288, and
349 of title 18 and in section 235 of title 22, Foreign Relations and
Intercourse, and in section 41 of Title 50, War and National Defense,
U.S.C., all in 1940 ed., since the definition was specifically enacted
with reference to said sections and others not material here.
The remaining provisions of said sections 98 and 349 of title 18,
U.S.C., 1940 ed., which were derived from sources other than said
section 4 of title VIII of the act of June 15, 1917, are incorporated in
sections 502 and 957 of this title.

Amendments

1976--Pub. L. 94-467 inserted ``except in sections 112, 878, 970,
1116, and 1201'' after ``title''.

Section Referred to in Other Sections

This section is referred to in section 14 of this title.

weishaupt1776 · #9 01-17-2005, 02:53 PM

http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-...Cite:+18USC112

From the U.S. Code Online via GPO Access
[wais.access.gpo.gov]
[Laws in effect as of January 7, 2003]
[Document not affected by Public Laws enacted between
January 7, 2003 and February 12, 2003]
[CITE: 18USC112]

TITLE 18--CRIMES AND CRIMINAL PROCEDURE

PART I--CRIMES

CHAPTER 7--ASSAULT

Sec. 112. Protection of foreign officials, official guests, and
internationally protected persons

(a) Whoever assaults, strikes, wounds, imprisons, or offers violence
to a foreign official, official guest, or internationally protected
person or makes any other violent attack upon the person or liberty of
such person, or, if likely to endanger his person or liberty, makes a
violent attack upon his official premises, private accommodation, or
means of transport or attempts to commit any of the foregoing shall be
fined under this title or imprisoned not more than three years, or both.
Whoever in the commission of any such act uses a deadly or dangerous
weapon, or inflicts bodily injury, shall be fined under this title or
imprisoned not more than ten years, or both.
(b) Whoever willfully--
(1) intimidates, coerces, threatens, or harasses a foreign
official or an official guest or obstructs a foreign official in the
performance of his duties;
(2) attempts to intimidate, coerce, threaten, or harass a
foreign official or an official guest or obstruct a foreign official
in the performance of his duties; or
(3) within the United States and within one hundred feet of any
building or premises in whole or in part owned, used, or occupied
for official business or for diplomatic, consular, or residential
purposes by--
(A) a foreign government, including such use as a mission to
an international organization;
(B) an international organization;
(C) a foreign official; or
(D) an official guest;

congregates with two or more other persons with intent to violate
any other provision of this section;

shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than six months,
or both.
(c) For the purpose of this section ``foreign government'',
``foreign official'', ``internationally protected person'',
``international organization'', ``national of the United States'', and
``official guest'' shall have the same meanings as those provided in
section 1116(b) of this title.
(d) Nothing contained in this section shall be construed or applied
so as to abridge the exercise of rights guaranteed under the first
amendment to the Constitution of the United States.
(e) If the victim of an offense under subsection (a) is an
internationally protected person outside the United States, the United
States may exercise jurisdiction over the offense if (1) the victim is a
representative, officer, employee, or agent of the United States, (2) an
offender is a national of the United States, or (3) an offender is
afterwards found in the United States. As used in this subsection, the
United States includes all areas under the jurisdiction of the United
States including any of the places within the provisions of sections 5
and 7 of this title and section 46501(2) of title 49.
(f) In the course of enforcement of subsection (a) and any other
sections prohibiting a conspiracy or attempt to violate subsection (a),
the Attorney General may request assistance from any Federal, State, or
local agency, including the Army, Navy, and Air Force, any statute,
rule, or regulation to the contrary, notwithstanding.

(June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 688; Pub. L. 88-493, Sec. 1, Aug. 27,
1964, 78 Stat. 610; Pub. L. 92-539, title III, Sec. 301, Oct. 24, 1972,
86 Stat. 1072; Pub. L. 94-467, Sec. 5, Oct. 8, 1976, 90 Stat. 1999; Pub.
L. 95-163, Sec. 17(b)(1), Nov. 9, 1977, 91 Stat. 1286; Pub. L. 95-504,
Sec. 2(b), Oct. 24, 1978, 92 Stat. 1705; Pub. L. 100-690, title VI,
Sec. 6478, Nov. 18, 1988, 102 Stat. 4381; Pub. L. 103-272, Sec. 5(e)(2),
July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1373; Pub. L. 103-322, title XXXII,
Sec. 320101(b), title XXXIII, Sec. 330016(1)(G), (K), Sept. 13, 1994,
108 Stat. 2108, 2147; Pub. L. 104-132, title VII, Sec. 721(d), Apr. 24,
1996, 110 Stat. 1298; Pub. L. 104-294, title VI, Sec. 604(b)(12)(A),
Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3507.)

Historical and Revision Notes

Based on section 255 of title 22, U.S.C., 1940 ed., Foreign
Relations and Intercourse (R.S. Sec. 4062).
Punishment provision was rewritten to make it more definite by
substituting a maximum of $5,000 in lieu of the words ``fined at the
discretion of the court.'' As thus revised this provision conforms with
the first punishment provision of section 111 of this title. So, also,
the greater punishment provided by the second paragraph of section 111
was added to this section for offenses involving the use of dangerous
weapons.

weishaupt1776 · #10 01-17-2005, 02:54 PM

Amendments

1996--Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 104-294 repealed Pub. L. 103-322,
Sec. 320101(b)(1). See 1994 Amendment note below.
Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 104-132, Sec. 721(d)(1), inserted `` `national
of the United States','' before ``and `official guest' ''.
Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 104-132, Sec. 721(d)(2), inserted first
sentence and struck out former first sentence which read as follows:
``If the victim of an offense under subsection (a) is an internationally
protected person, the United States may exercise jurisdiction over the
offense if the alleged offender is present within the United States,
irrespective of the place where the offense was committed or the
nationality of the victim or the alleged offender.''
1994--Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 103-322, Sec. 330016(1)(K), substituted
``under this title'' for ``not more than $5,000'' before ``or imprisoned
not more than three years''.
Pub. L. 103-322, Sec. 320101(b)(2), (3), inserted ``, or inflicts
bodily injury,'' after ``weapon'' and substituted ``under this title''
for ``not more than $10,000'' before ``or imprisoned not more than ten
years''.
Pub. L. 103-322, Sec. 320101(b)(1), which provided for amendment
identical to Pub. L. 103-322, Sec. 330016(1)(K), above, was repealed by
Pub. L. 104-294, Sec. 604(b)(12)(A).
Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 103-322, Sec. 330016(1)(G), in concluding
provisions, substituted ``under this title'' for ``not more than $500''.
Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 103-272 substituted ``section 46501(2) of title
49'' for ``section 101(38) of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958, as
amended (49 U.S.C. 1301(38))''.
1988--Subsec. (b)(3). Pub. L. 100-690 struck out ``but outside the
District of Columbia'' after ``United States''.
1978--Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 95-504 substituted reference to section
101(38) of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958 for reference to section
101(35) of such Act.
1977--Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 95-163 substituted reference to section
101(35) of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958 for reference to section
101(34) of such Act.
1976--Pub. L. 94-467 substituted ``official guests, and
internationally protected persons'' for ``and official guests'' in
section catchline.
Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 94-467 substituted ``official guest, or
internationally protected person'' for ``or official guest'' and
inserted provision including any other violent attack on the person or
the liberty of such official, guest, or protected person, his official
premises, private accommodation, or means of transport, or any attempt
thereof, as acts subject to fine or imprisonment.
Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 94-467 restructured subsec. (b) and added pars.
(2) and (3).
Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 94-467 redesignated subsec. (d) as (c),
inserted ``internationally protected persons'', and struck out reference
to section 1116(c) of this title. Former subsec. (c), which related to
punishment for intimidating or harassing demonstrations against foreign
officials or any combination of two or more persons for such purposes,
within one hundred feet of any buildings or premises owned by a foreign
government located within the United States but outside the District of
Columbia, was struck out.
Subsecs. (d) to (f). Pub. L. 94-467 added subsecs. (e) and (f) and
redesignated former subsecs. (d) and (e) as (c) and (d), respectively.
1972--Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 92-539 substituted ``Protection of
foreign officials and official guests'' for ``Assaulting certain foreign
diplomatic and other official personnel'' in section catchline,
designated existing provisions as subsec. (a), and substituted ``a
foreign official or official guest'' for ``the person of a head of
foreign state or foreign government, foreign minister, ambassador or
other public minister'' and ``act'' for ``acts''.
Subsecs. (b) to (e). Pub. L. 92-539 added subsecs. (b) to (e).
1964--Pub. L. 88-493 included heads of foreign states or governments
and foreign ministers.

Effective Date of 1996 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 104-294 effective Sept. 13, 1994, see section
604(d) of Pub. L. 104-294, set out as a note under section 13 of this
title.

Short Title of 1976 Amendment

Section 1 of Pub. L. 94-467 provided: ``That this Act [enacting
section 878 of this title, amending this section and sections 11, 970,
1116, and 1201 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes
under this section] may be cited as the `Act for the Prevention and
Punishment of Crimes Against Internationally Protected Persons'.''

Short Title of 1972 Amendment

Section 1 of Pub. L. 92-539 provided: ``That this Act [enacting
sections 970, 1116, and 1117 of this title, amending this section and
section 1201 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes
under this section] may be cited as the `Act for the Protection of
Foreign Officials and Official Guests of the United States'.''

State and Local Laws Not Superseded

Section 10 of Pub. L. 94-467 provided that: ``Nothing contained in
this Act [see Short Title of 1976 Amendment note above] shall be
construed to indicate an intent on the part of Congress to occupy the
field in which its provisions operate to the exclusion of the laws of
any State, Commonwealth, territory, possession, or the District of
Columbia, on the same subject matter, nor to relieve any person of any
obligation imposed by any law of any State, Commonwealth, territory,
possession, or the District of Columbia, including the obligation of all
persons having official law enforcement powers to take appropriate
action, such as effecting arrests, for Federal as well as non-Federal
violations.''

Congressional Findings and Declaration of Policy

Section 2 of Pub. L. 92-539 provided that:
``The Congress recognizes that from the beginning of our history as
a nation, the police power to investigate, prosecute, and punish common
crimes such as murder, kidnaping, and assault has resided in the several
States, and that such power should remain with the States.
``The Congress finds, however, that harassment, intimidation,
obstruction, coercion, and acts of violence committed against foreign
officials or their family members in the United States or against
official guests of the United States adversely affect the foreign
relations of the United States.
``Accordingly, this legislation is intended to afford the United
States jurisdiction concurrent with that of the several States to
proceed against those who by such acts interfere with its conduct of
foreign affairs.''

Federal Preemption

Section 3 of Pub. L. 92-539 provided that: ``Nothing contained in
this Act [see Short Title of 1972 Amendment note above] shall be
construed to indicate an intent on the part of Congress to occupy the
field in which its provisions operate to the exc