Enacting Clause

This definition game is not very productive. How about an actual successful application of this issue?

Has anyone actually read how this issue was successfully used in a "Special action for Removal of Judgment and Order of Arrest" (i.e. a motion to dismiss)?

Ever hear of TJ Henderson? He is the author of it. Great document. It was forwarded to me by someone claiming it was successful 30 out of 30 times it was used in Washington State.

In theory, it should be successfull in every state since 48 out of 50 require enacting legislation or it isn't a "law" they can enforce and thus immediately dismiss for want of subject matter jurisdiction.

[Paul88]

<SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana">Todd, I just finished customizing&T.J. document so it would fit my situation. is there anyone with a success story that would share it with me? I also included copy of my document in zip file.<?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o></o></SPAN>


<SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana">Paul,<o></o></SPAN>
<DIV class=Section1>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3>Pawel Waldemar Pluta</FONT>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3>9&xxxx xxxxt</FONT>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><?xml:namespace prefix = st1 ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" /><st1lace w:st="on"><FONT size=3><FONT face="Times New Roman"><st1:City w:st="on">xxxxxxx</st1:City></FONT></FONT></st1lace>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN style="COLOR: red"><o><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3>&</FONT></o></SPAN>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: center 3.25in"><FONT size=3><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="COLOR: red"><SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"></SPAN></SPAN>IN <st1lace w:st="on">SAYREVILLE</st1lace> CITY COURT</FONT></FONT>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: center 3.25in"><SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3>& </FONT></SPAN>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: -.75in -.5in 0in .25in .5in .75in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 2.5in 3.0in 3.25in 3.5in 4.0in 4.5in 5.0in 5.5in 6.0in 6.5in"><o><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3>&</FONT></o>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: -.75in -.5in 0in .25in .5in .75in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 2.5in 3.0in 3.25in 3.5in 4.0in 4.5in 5.0in 5.5in 6.0in 6.5in"><o><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3>&</FONT></o>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 3.25in; TEXT-INDENT: -3.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: -.75in -.5in 0in .25in .5in .75in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 2.5in 3.0in 3.25in 261.0pt 4.0in 4.5in 5.0in 5.5in 6.0in 6.5in"><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3>CITY OF <st1:City w:st="on"><st1lace w:st="on">SAYREVILLE</st1lace></st1:City><SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 4"> </SPAN>)<SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 2"> </SPAN>DOCKET NO: 722102, 722101, </FONT>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 3.25in; TEXT-INDENT: -3.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: -.75in -.5in 0in .25in .5in .75in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 2.5in 3.0in 3.25in 261.0pt 4.0in 4.5in 5.0in 5.5in 6.0in 6.5in"><FONT size=3><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1">& </SPAN><SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1">& </SPAN><SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 4">& </SPAN><SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 3">& </SPAN><SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 2">& </SPAN>049168, 049169, 049170, 049531, </FONT></FONT>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 3.25in; TEXT-INDENT: -3.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: -.75in -.5in 0in .25in .5in .75in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 2.5in 3.0in 3.25in 261.0pt 4.0in 4.5in 5.0in 5.5in 6.0in 6.5in"><FONT size=3><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 3">& </SPAN><SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 5">& </SPAN><SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 3">& </SPAN>049532, 048290, 051637</FONT></FONT>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: -.75in -.5in 0in .25in .5in .75in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 2.5in 3.0in 3.25in 3.5in 4.0in 4.5in 5.0in 5.5in 6.0in 6.5in"><o><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3>&</FONT></o>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 3.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: -.75in -.5in 0in .25in .5in .75in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 2.5in 3.0in 3.25in 3.5in 4.0in 4.5in 5.0in 5.5in 6.0in 6.5in"><FONT size=3><FONT face="Times New Roman">)<SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 2"> </SPAN></FONT></FONT>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 1.5in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: -.75in -.5in 0in .25in .5in .75in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 2.5in 3.0in 3.25in 3.5in 4.0in 4.5in 5.0in 5.5in 6.0in 6.5in"><FONT size=3><FONT face="Times New Roman">Plaintiff,<SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 3">& </SPAN>)<SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN></FONT></FONT>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 3.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: -.75in -.5in 0in .25in .5in .75in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 2.5in 3.0in 3.25in 3.5in 4.0in 4.5in 5.0in 5.5in 6.0in 6.5in"><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3>)<SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 2"> </SPAN>SPECIAL ACTION FOR</FONT>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 1.5in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: -.75in -.5in 0in .25in .5in .75in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 2.5in 3.0in 3.25in 3.5in 4.0in 4.5in 5.0in 5.5in 6.0in 6.5in"><FONT size=3><FONT face="Times New Roman">vs.<SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 4">& </SPAN>)<SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1">& </SPAN>REMOVAL OF JUDGMENT[/b]</FONT></FONT>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 3.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: -.75in -.5in 0in .25in .5in .75in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 2.5in 3.0in 3.25in 3.5in 4.0in 4.5in 5.0in 5.5in 6.0in 6.5in"><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3>)<SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 2"> </SPAN>AND ORDER OF ARREST</FONT>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: -.75in -.5in 0in .25in .5in .75in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 2.5in 3.0in 3.25in 3.5in 4.0in 4.5in 5.0in 5.5in 6.0in 6.5in"><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3>PAWEL WALDEMAR PLUTA,<SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 3">& </SPAN>)</FONT>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 3.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: -.75in -.5in 0in .25in .5in .75in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 2.5in 3.0in 3.25in 3.5in 4.0in 4.5in 5.0in 5.5in 6.0in 6.5in"><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3>)<SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 2"> </SPAN>Judge: </FONT>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: -.75in -.5in 0in .25in .5in .75in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 2.5in 3.0in 3.25in 3.5in 4.0in 4.5in 5.0in 5.5in 6.0in 6.5in"><FONT size=3><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 4">& </SPAN>Accused / Respondent.<SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 2"> </SPAN>)<SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 2"> </SPAN></FONT></FONT>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: -.75in -.5in 0in .25in .5in .75in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 2.5in 3.0in 3.25in 3.5in 4.0in 4.5in 5.0in 5.5in 6.0in 6.5in"><FONT size=3><FONT face="Times New Roman">_______________________________________)<SP AN style="mso-tab-count: 2"> </SPAN></FONT></FONT>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: -.75in -.5in 0in .25in .5in .75in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 2.5in 3.0in 3.25in 3.5in 4.0in 4.5in 5.0in 5.5in 6.0in 6.5in"><o><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3>&</FONT></o>
<P class=Level1 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: -.75in -.5in 0in list .25in left .5in .75in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 2.5in 3.0in 3.25in 3.5in 4.0in 4.5in 5.0in 5.5in 6.0in 6.5in"><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore"><FONT size=3>1.</FONT><SPAN style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">& </SPAN></SPAN><FONT size=3>Comes Now, Pawel Waldemar Pluta, a natural born man, under Article Four, Section II of the Constitution for the <st1:country-region w:st="on">United States of America</st1:country-region> and as equivalent in the New Jersey State Constitution reserves all rights afforded to the original 13 colonies, and as stated in the Constitution of the State of <st1:State w:st="on"><st1lace w:st="on">New Jersey</st1lace></st1:State>, WITHOUT PREJUDICE.</FONT></FONT>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: -.75in -.5in 0in .5in 63.0pt 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 2.5in 3.0in 3.25in 3.5in 4.0in 4.5in 5.0in 5.5in 6.0in 6.25in 6.5in"><o><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3>&</FONT></o>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: -.75in -.5in 0in .5in 63.0pt 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 2.5in 3.0in 3.25in 3.5in 4.0in 4.5in 5.0in 5.5in 6.0in 6.25in 6.5in" align=center><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3>MEMORANDUM OF LAW WITH POINTS &amp; AUTHORITIES</FONT>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; tab-stops: 0in .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 2.5in 3.0in 3.5in 4.0in 4.5in 5.0in 5.5in 6.0in"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Shruti; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT size=3>Grounds for REMOVAL OF JUDGMENT AND ORDER FOR ARREST.</FONT></SPAN>&</DIV>
<DIV class=Section2>
<P class=Level1 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; tab-stops: 0in list .5in left 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 2.5in 3.0in 3.5in 4.0in 4.5in 5.0in 5.5in 6.0in"><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore"><FONT size=3>2.</FONT><SPAN style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">& </SPAN></SPAN><FONT size=3>Dismissal is argued on the basis of a want of subject matter jurisdiction.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">& </SPAN>Pawel Waldemar Pluta asserts that the instant matter, brought to this court by civil citation, makes a charge that is not a valid law of <st1:State w:st="on"><st1lace w:st="on">New Jersey</st1lace></st1:State> and that the court is thereby deprived of jurisdiction of the subject matter and must therefore remove the judgment and order of arrest against Pawel Waldemar Pluta. The proof of this proposition is presented as follows: (i) the charging instrument must charge a violation of law as a jurisdictional prerequisite; (ii) the laws of <st1:State w:st="on">New Jersey</st1:State> must bear an enacting clause to be valid; and<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">& </SPAN>(iii) the statute charged in the instant case, bears no enacting clause and is therefore not a valid <st1:State w:st="on"><st1lace w:st="on">New Jersey</st1lace></st1:State> law.</FONT></FONT><o><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3>&</FONT></o>
<P class=Level1 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: 0in list .5in left 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 2.5in 3.0in 3.5in 4.0in 4.5in 5.0in 5.5in 6.0in"><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore"><FONT size=3>3.</FONT><SPAN style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">& </SPAN></SPAN><FONT size=3>The Charging Instrument Must Charge a Valid Law to Afford the Court Subject Matter Jurisdiction. </FONT></FONT>
<P class=Level1 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: 0in list .5in left 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 2.5in 3.0in 3.5in 4.0in 4.5in 5.0in 5.5in 6.0in"><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore"><FONT size=3>4.</FONT><SPAN style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">& </SPAN></SPAN><FONT size=3>The jurisdiction of a court over the subject matter has been said to be essential, necessary, indispensable and an elementary prerequisite to the exercise of judicial power.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">& </SPAN>A court cannot proceed with a trial or make a judgment without such jurisdiction existing. </FONT></FONT>
<P class=Level1 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: 0in list .5in left 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 2.5in 3.0in 3.5in 4.0in 4.5in 5.0in 5.5in 6.0in"><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore"><FONT size=3>5.</FONT><SPAN style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">& </SPAN></SPAN><FONT size=3>In a civil and/or criminal case, it is the indictment or complaint that is the means by which a court obtains subject matter jurisdiction, and is “the jurisdictional instrument upon which<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">& </SPAN>the accused stands trial,” providing the law is not misrepresented.</FONT></FONT>
<P class=Level1 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: 0in list .5in left 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 2.5in 3.0in 3.5in 4.0in 4.5in 5.0in 5.5in 6.0in"><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore"><FONT size=3>6.</FONT><SPAN style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">& </SPAN></SPAN><FONT size=3>The complaint is the foundation of the jurisdiction of the magistrate / judge or court.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">& </SPAN>Thus if these charging instruments are invalid, there is a lack of subject matter jurisdiction.</FONT></FONT>
<P class=Level1 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: 0in list .5in left 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 2.5in 3.0in 3.5in 4.0in 4.5in 5.0in 5.5in 6.0in"><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore"><FONT size=3>7.</FONT><SPAN style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">& </SPAN></SPAN><FONT size=3>The charging instrument must not only be in the particular mode or form prescribed by the constitution and statute to be valid, but it also must contain reference to valid laws.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">& </SPAN>Without a valid law, the charging instrument is insufficient and no subject matter jurisdiction exists for the matter to be tried</FONT></FONT>
<P class=Level1 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: 0in list .5in left 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 2.5in 3.0in 3.5in 4.0in 4.5in 5.0in 5.5in 6.0in"><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore"><FONT size=3>8.</FONT><SPAN style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">& </SPAN></SPAN><FONT size=3>All <st1:State w:st="on"><st1lace w:st="on">New Jersey</st1lace></st1:State> Laws Must Bear an Enacting Clause to be Valid.</FONT></FONT>&</DIV>
<DIV class=Section3>
<P class=Level1 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: 0in list .5in left 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 2.5in 3.0in 3.5in 4.0in 4.5in 5.0in 5.5in 6.0in"><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore"><FONT size=3>9.</FONT><SPAN style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">& </SPAN></SPAN><FONT size=3>The Constitution for <st1:State w:st="on">New Jersey</st1:State> at <B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">Article IV, Section VII, par. 6 states[/b]: The laws of this State shall begin in the following style: "Be it enacted by the Senate and General Assembly of the State of <st1:State w:st="on"><st1lace w:st="on">New Jersey</st1lace></st1:State>."<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">& </SPAN>Such clauses are not merely directory, but are rather mandatory, and any failure on the part of the Legislature to provide the required enacting clause is fatal to the operation and validity of the law.</FONT></FONT>
<P class=Level1 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: 0in list .5in left 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 2.5in 3.0in 3.5in 4.0in 4.5in 5.0in 5.5in 6.0in"><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore"><FONT size=3>10.</FONT><SPAN style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">& </SPAN></SPAN><FONT size=3>The courts in <st1:State w:st="on"><st1lace w:st="on">Montana</st1lace></st1:State> have ruled that the use of an enacting clause does not merely serve as a “flag” under which bills run the course through the legislative machinery,”</FONT></FONT>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: 0in .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 2.5in 3.0in 3.5in 4.0in 4.5in 5.0in 5.5in 6.0in"><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3>but that in fact “[t]he enacting clause of a law goes to its substance, and is not merely procedural.”</FONT>
<P class=Level1 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: 0in list .5in left 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 2.5in 3.0in 3.5in 4.0in 4.5in 5.0in 5.5in 6.0in"><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore"><FONT size=3>11.</FONT><SPAN style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">& </SPAN></SPAN><FONT size=3>Moreover, the enacting clause must be intrinsic to the law, and not “extrinsic” to it, that is, it cannot be hidden away in other records or books as the enacting clause is regarded as part of the law itself, and has to appear directly with the law, on its face, so that one charged with said law knows the authority by which it exists.</FONT></FONT>
<P class=Level1 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: 0in list .5in left 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 2.5in 3.0in 3.5in 4.0in 4.5in 5.0in 5.5in 6.0in"><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore"><FONT size=3>12.</FONT><SPAN style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">& </SPAN></SPAN><FONT size=3>Take notice that under the Equal Protection Clause located in the Constitution of the <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1lace w:st="on">United States of America</st1lace></st1:country-region>, Article 4, Section 2, which states: “The Citizens of each State shall be entitled to all Privileges and Immunities of Citizens in the several states.” Therefore the courts have ruled that no person in any State shall have lesser of a protection in one State than in any other State. </FONT></FONT>
<P class=Level1 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: 0in list .5in left 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 2.5in 3.0in 3.5in 4.0in 4.5in 5.0in 5.5in 6.0in"><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore"><FONT size=3>13.</FONT><SPAN style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">& </SPAN></SPAN><FONT size=3>While not a routine object of legal contemplation, no less than 46 of the 50 states of our union prescribe a “style of bills” in their constitutions, leading to the obvious conclusion that some importance must be attached to the matter.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">& </SPAN>And indeed, such is the case, as courts throughout the country have declared.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">& </SPAN>One particularly interesting case comes to us from Georgia, one of the 4 states not having a constitutional provision establishing the style of bills, where the court ruled that an enacting clause was mandatory even though not specifically prescribed by the state’s constitution.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">& </SPAN>Quoting the court:</FONT></FONT>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: 0in .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 2.5in 3.0in 3.5in 4.0in 4.5in 5.0in 5.5in 6.0in"><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3>“The enacting clause is that portion of a statute which gives its jurisdictional identity and constitutional authenticity.”<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">& </SPAN>Joiner v. State, 155 S.E.2d 8, 10 (<st1:State w:st="on"><st1lace w:st="on">Ga.</st1lace></st1:State> 1967). As we know, under the equal protection clause of the Constitution of the <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1lace w:st="on">United States of America</st1lace></st1:country-region>, no state in the union shall have any lesser protection under the law then any other state. So says the Constitution of the <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1lace w:st="on">United States of America</st1lace></st1:country-region>, and an untold number of court cases.. Therefore, any law that speaks to the protection and defense of the people in one state, must have equal or better protection in the other states, so case law from one state can be used in any other state for that purpose.</FONT>
<P class=Level1 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: 0in list .5in left 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 2.5in 3.0in 3.5in 4.0in 4.5in 5.0in 5.5in 6.0in"><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore"><FONT size=3>14.</FONT><SPAN style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">& </SPAN></SPAN><FONT size=3>In Joiner the court made reference to a much earlier case dealing with the same issue wherein the court had expressed much the same opinion:</FONT></FONT>&</DIV>
<DIV class=Section4>
<P class=Level1 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: 0in list .5in left 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 2.5in 3.0in 3.5in 4.0in 4.5in 5.0in 5.5in 6.0in"><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore"><FONT size=3>15.</FONT><SPAN style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">& </SPAN></SPAN><FONT size=3><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&</SPAN>“The purpose of thus prescribing an enacting clause--the style of the acts--is to establish it; to give it permanence, uniformity, and certainty; to identify the act of legislation as of the general assembly; to afford evidence of its legislative statutory nature; and to secure uniformity of identification, and thus prevent inadvertence, possibly mistake and fraud.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">& </SPAN>State v. Patterson, 4 S.E. 350, 352, 98 N.C. 660 (1887).</FONT></FONT>
<P class=Level1 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: 0in list .5in left 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 2.5in 3.0in 3.5in 4.0in 4.5in 5.0in 5.5in 6.0in"><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore"><FONT size=3>16.</FONT><SPAN style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">& </SPAN></SPAN><FONT size=3>The courts in Arkansas in Ferrill v. Keel, 151 S.W. 269, 272, 105 Ark. 380 (1912) in asking the question “What is the object of the style of a bill or enacting clause anyway?” penned the response “To show the authority by which the bill is enacted into law; to show that the act comes from a place pointed out by the Constitution as the source of legislation.”</FONT></FONT>
<P class=Level1 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: 0in list .5in left 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 2.5in 3.0in 3.5in 4.0in 4.5in 5.0in 5.5in 6.0in"><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore"><FONT size=3>17.</FONT><SPAN style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">& </SPAN></SPAN><FONT size=3>The Supreme Court of Tennessee also dealt with the enacting clause in State v. Burrow, 104 S.W. 526, 529,<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">& </SPAN>119 Tenn. 376 (1907), wherein they said:</FONT></FONT>
<P class=Level1 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: 0in list .5in left 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 2.5in 3.0in 3.5in 4.0in 4.5in 5.0in 5.5in 6.0in"><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore"><FONT size=3>18.</FONT><SPAN style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">& </SPAN></SPAN><FONT size=3>“The purpose of provisions of this character is that all statutes may bear upon their faces a declaration of sovereign authority by which they are enacted and declared to be the law, and to promote and preserve uniformity in legislation.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">& </SPAN>Such clauses also import a command of obedience and clothe the statute with certain dignity, believed in all times to command respect and aid in the enforcement of laws.”<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">& </SPAN></FONT></FONT>
<P class=Level1 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: 0in list .5in left 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 2.5in 3.0in 3.5in 4.0in 4.5in 5.0in 5.5in 6.0in"><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore"><FONT size=3>19.</FONT><SPAN style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">& </SPAN></SPAN><FONT size=3>In <st1:State w:st="on"><st1lace w:st="on">North Dakota</st1lace></st1:State> in the case Preckel v. Byrne, 243 N.W. 823, 826, 62 N.D. 356<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">& </SPAN>(1932) we begin our descent into the “American prehistoric age” where enacting clauses were likewise the rule of the day.</FONT></FONT>&</DIV>
<DIV class=Section5>
<P class=Level1 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: 0in list .5in left 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 2.5in 3.0in 3.5in 4.0in 4.5in 5.0in 5.5in 6.0in"><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore"><FONT size=3>20.</FONT><SPAN style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">& </SPAN></SPAN><FONT size=3>“The almost unbroken custom of centuries has been to preface laws with a statement in some form declaring the enacting authority.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">& </SPAN>The purpose of an enacting clause of a statute is to identify it as an act of legislation by expressing on its face the authority behind the act.”<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">& </SPAN></FONT></FONT>
<P class=Level1 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: 0in list .5in left 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 2.5in 3.0in 3.5in 4.0in 4.5in 5.0in 5.5in 6.0in"><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore"><FONT size=3>21.</FONT><SPAN style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">& </SPAN></SPAN><FONT size=3>But it is the Court of Appeals of <st1:State w:st="on"><st1lace w:st="on">Kentucky</st1lace></st1:State>, in Commonwealth v. Illinois Cent. R. Co., 170 S.W. 171, 160 Ky. 745 (1914), that most eloquently places the enacting clause in the category of a timeless principle honored throughout our legal, social, and religious history:</FONT></FONT>
<P class=Level1 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: 0in list .5in left 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 2.5in 3.0in 3.5in 4.0in 4.5in 5.0in 5.5in 6.0in"><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore"><FONT size=3>22.</FONT><SPAN style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">& </SPAN></SPAN><FONT size=3>“The alleged act or law in question is unnamed; it shows no sign of authority; it carries with it no evidence that the General Assembly or any other lawmaking power is responsible or answerable for it.****By an enacting clause, the makers of the Constitution intended that the General Assembly should make its impress or seal, as it were, upon each enactment for the sake of identify, and to assume and show responsibility.****While the Constitution makes this a necessity, it did not originate it.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">& </SPAN>The custom is in use practically everywhere, and is as old as parliamentary government, as old as king’s decrees, and even they borrowed it. The decrees of Cyrus, King Of Persia, which Holy Writ records, were not the first to be prefaced with a statement of authority.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">& </SPAN>The law was delivered to Moses in the name of the Great I Am, and the prologue to the Great Commandments is no less majestic and impelling.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">& </SPAN>But, whether these edicts and commands be promulgated by the Supreme Ruler or by petty kings, or by the sovereign people themselves, they have always begun with some such form as a evidence of power and authority.”</FONT></FONT>
<P class=Level1 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: 0in list .5in left 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 2.5in 3.0in 3.5in 4.0in 4.5in 5.0in 5.5in 6.0in"><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore"><FONT size=3>23.</FONT><SPAN style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">& </SPAN></SPAN><FONT size=3>The Supreme Court of Minnesota likewise held the enacting clause in lofty regard in Sjoberg v. Security Savings &amp; Loan Assn., 73 Minn. 203, 212-214 (1898) wherein the Court stated:</FONT></FONT>&</DIV>
<DIV class=Section6>
<P class=Level1 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: 0in list .5in left 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 2.5in 3.0in 3.5in 4.0in 4.5in 5.0in 5.5in 6.0in"><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore"><FONT size=3>24.</FONT><SPAN style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">& </SPAN></SPAN><FONT size=3>“All written laws, in all times and in all countries, whether in the form of decrees issued by absolute monarchs, or statutes enacted by king and council,<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">& </SPAN>or by a representative body, have, as a rule, expressed upon their face the authority by which they were promulgated or enacted.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">& </SPAN>The almost unbroken custom of centuries has been to preface laws with a statement in some form declaring the enacting authority.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">& </SPAN>If such an enacting clause is a mere form, a relic of antiquity, serving no useful purpose, why should the constitutions of so many of our states require that all laws must have an enacting clause, prescribe its form.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">& </SPAN>If an enacting clause is useful and important, if it is desirable that laws shall bear upon their face the authority by which they are enacted, so that the people who are to obey them need not search legislative and other records to ascertain the authority, then it is not beneath the dignity of the framers of a constitution, or unworthy of such an instrument, to prescribe a uniform style for such enacting clause.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">& </SPAN>The words of the constitution, that the style of all laws of this state shall be, “Be it enacted by the legislature of the state of Minnesota”, imply that all laws must be so expressed or declared, to the end that they may express upon their face the authority by which they were enacted; and, if they do not so declare, they are not laws of this state.”</FONT></FONT>
<P class=Level1 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: 0in list .5in left 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 2.5in 3.0in 3.5in 4.0in 4.5in 5.0in 5.5in 6.0in"><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore"><FONT size=3>25.</FONT><SPAN style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">& </SPAN></SPAN><FONT size=3>Sjoberg was initiated when it was discovered that the law relating to “building, loan and savings associations,” had no enacting clause as it was printed in the statute book, “Laws 1897,c.250.”<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">& </SPAN>The Court made it clear that a law existing in that manner is “void.”</FONT></FONT>&</DIV>
<DIV class=Section7>
<P class=Level1 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: 0in list .5in left 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 2.5in 3.0in 3.5in 4.0in 4.5in 5.0in 5.5in 6.0in"><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore"><FONT size=3>26.</FONT><SPAN style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">& </SPAN></SPAN><FONT size=3>To fulfill the purpose of identifying the lawmaking authority of a law, it has been repeatedly declared by the courts of this land that an enacting clause is to appear on the face of every law which the people are expected to follow and obey.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">& </SPAN>For an enacting clause to appear on the face of a law, it must be recorded or published with the law so that the public can readily identify the authority for that particular law which they are expected to follow.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">& </SPAN>The failure of a law to display on its face an enacting clause deprives it of essential legality, and renders a statute, based on that law, which omits such a clause as “a nullity and of no force of law.”</FONT></FONT>
<P class=Level1 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: 0in list .5in left 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 2.5in 3.0in 3.5in 4.0in 4.5in 5.0in 5.5in 6.0in"><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore"><FONT size=3>27.</FONT><SPAN style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">& </SPAN></SPAN><FONT size=3>Any purported statute which has no enacting clause on its face, is not legally binding and obligatory upon the people, as it is not constitutionally a law at all.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">& </SPAN>The Supreme Court of Michigan, citing numerous authorities in People v. Dettenthaler, 77 N.W.450, 451,<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">& </SPAN>118 Mich. 595 (1898), said that an enacting clause was a requisite to a valid law since the enacting provision was mandatory: Note: The code for the statute is different then the code for the law passed by the legislator.</FONT></FONT>
<P class=Level1 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: 0in list .5in left 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 2.5in 3.0in 3.5in 4.0in 4.5in 5.0in 5.5in 6.0in"><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore"><FONT size=3>28.</FONT><SPAN style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">& </SPAN></SPAN><FONT size=3>“It is necessary that every law should show on its face the authority by which it is adopted and promulgated, and that it should clearly appear that it is intended by the legislative power that enacts it that it should take effect as a law.”</FONT></FONT>
<P class=Level1 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: 0in list .5in left 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 2.5in 3.0in 3.5in 4.0in 4.5in 5.0in 5.5in 6.0in"><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore"><FONT size=3>29.</FONT><SPAN style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">& </SPAN></SPAN><FONT size=3>Exemplary of the general agreement the courts of the several states of the union have had on the issue of the importance of enacting clauses, the language the Michigan court used in Dettenthaler was taken directly from the Mississippi case Swann v. Buck, 40 Miss. 27.</FONT></FONT>
<P class=Level1 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: 0in list .5in left 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 2.5in 3.0in 3.5in 4.0in 4.5in 5.0in 5.5in 6.0in"><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore"><FONT size=3>30.</FONT><SPAN style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">& </SPAN></SPAN><FONT size=3>The controversy in Dettenthaler turned on the enacting clause for “Stat. 1875, 66” as said statute was printed in the official book of statutes.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">& </SPAN>The Dettenthaler court decided that the act, as it was printed in the statue book, had an insufficient enacting clause on its face, so it was deemed to be “not a law,” as it is only by inspecting the publicly printed statute book that the people can determine the source, authority and constitutional authenticity of the law they are expected to follow.</FONT></FONT>&</DIV>
<DIV class=Section8>
<P class=Level1 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: 0in list .5in left 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 2.5in 3.0in 3.5in 4.0in 4.5in 5.0in 5.5in 6.0in"><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore"><FONT size=3>31.</FONT><SPAN style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">& </SPAN></SPAN><FONT size=3>The Supreme Court of Nevada held similarly in State of Nevada v. Rogers,10 Nev. 120, 261 (1875) where the court state:</FONT></FONT>
<P class=Level1 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: 0in list .5in left 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 2.5in 3.0in 3.5in 4.0in 4.5in 5.0in 5.5in 6.0in"><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore"><FONT size=3>32.</FONT><SPAN style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">& </SPAN></SPAN><FONT size=3>“Our constitution expressly provides that the enacting clause of every law shall be, “The people of the state of Nevada, represented in senate and assembly, do enact as follow.”<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">& </SPAN>This language is susceptible of but one interpretation.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">& </SPAN>There is no doubtful meaning as to the intention.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">& </SPAN>It is, in our judgment, an imperative mandate of the people, in their sovereign capacity, to the legislature, requiring that all laws, to be binding upon them, shall, upon their face, express the authority by which they were enacted; and, since this act comes to us without such authority appearing upon its face, it is not a law.”</FONT></FONT>
<P class=Level1 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: 0in list .5in left 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 2.5in 3.0in 3.5in 4.0in 4.5in 5.0in 5.5in 6.0in"><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore"><FONT size=3>33.</FONT><SPAN style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">& </SPAN></SPAN><FONT size=3>The Rogers court was subsequently cited with approval in Caine v. Robbins, 131 P.2d 516, 518, 61 Nev. 416(1942) and in Kefauver v. Spurling, 290 S.W. 14, 15 (Tenn. 1926).</FONT></FONT>&</DIV>
<DIV class=Section9>
<P class=Level1 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: 0in list .5in left 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 2.5in 3.0in 3.5in 4.0in 4.5in 5.0in 5.5in 6.0in"><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore"><FONT size=3>34.</FONT><SPAN style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">& </SPAN></SPAN><FONT size=3>Finally, making our way all the way out to the northwest, we find that Washington has also had the opportunity to address the requirement for an enacting clause, but in a manner somewhat unusual in comparison to the cases just reviewed.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">& </SPAN>The case In re Self v. Rhay, 61 Wash. 2d, 261,<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">& </SPAN>377 P2d 885 (1963) came before the court on a writ of habeas corpus raising a constitutional issue relating to the manner of enactment of a criminal statute (murder in the first degree) that the petitioner had been sentenced to death for violating.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">& </SPAN>The argument brought to the court was that the legislature had not followed the amendment procedure mandated by Art 2, section 37 of the Washington constitution.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">& </SPAN>The court disagreed and denied the writ, but the court did note agreement with a prior en banc decision in Parosa v. Tacoma, 57 Wash. 2d 409, 357 P.2d 873 (1960) that is particularly enlightening with regards to the instant matter.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">& </SPAN>In one of the three opinions written by the Parosa court four of the nine judges stated:</FONT></FONT>
<P class=Level1 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: 0in list .5in left 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 2.5in 3.0in 3.5in 4.0in 4.5in 5.0in 5.5in 6.0in"><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore"><FONT size=3>35.</FONT><SPAN style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">& </SPAN></SPAN><FONT size=3>“The enacting clause in Laws of 1951, chapter 109, p. 270, is:</FONT></FONT>
<P class=Level1 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: 0in list .5in left 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 2.5in 3.0in 3.5in 4.0in 4.5in 5.0in 5.5in 6.0in"><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore"><FONT size=3>36.</FONT><SPAN style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">& </SPAN></SPAN><FONT size=3>Section 35.27.020, R.C.W., as derived from section 15 of “An act providing for the organization, classification, incorporation and government of municipal corporations,” Laws of 1889-90, page 141, is amended to read as follows:’</FONT></FONT>
<P class=Level1 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: 0in list .5in left 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 2.5in 3.0in 3.5in 4.0in 4.5in 5.0in 5.5in 6.0in"><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore"><FONT size=3>37.</FONT><SPAN style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">& </SPAN></SPAN><FONT size=3>“In this respect, the 1951 legislature was following its own unconstitutional device for amending a section of an act in disregard of the specific constitutional mandate.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">& </SPAN>The act before us does not purport to amend a section of an act, but only a section of a compilation entitled ‘Revised Code of Washington,’ which is not the law.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">& </SPAN>Such an act purporting to amend only a section of the prima facie compilation leaves the law unchanged” [emphasis in original]</FONT></FONT>
<P class=Level1 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: 0in list .5in left 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 2.5in 3.0in 3.5in 4.0in 4.5in 5.0in 5.5in 6.0in"><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore"><FONT size=3>38.</FONT><SPAN style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">& </SPAN></SPAN><FONT size=3>The Parosa court is cited in Self because the issue at bar in both cases was a purported violation of the enactment provisions of Art II, section 37 (relating to amendments).<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">& </SPAN>In Parosa the en banc court concurred that the 1951 amendment was invalid because of a failure to comply with constitutional mandate, in large part because of the expression of the four judges quoted above.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">& </SPAN>What is especially noteworthy about the opinion in Parosa, and the subsequent agreement in Self, is that the clear and unarguable import of the simple and direct words used are capable of such sweeping application.</FONT></FONT>
<P class=Level1 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: 0in list .5in left 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 2.5in 3.0in 3.5in 4.0in 4.5in 5.0in 5.5in 6.0in"><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore"><FONT size=3>39.</FONT><SPAN style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">& </SPAN></SPAN><FONT size=3>The Statute Charged in the Instant Matter Bears No Enacting Clause and is Therefore Not Valid Law</FONT></FONT>&</DIV>
<DIV class=Section10>
<P class=Level1 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: 0in list .5in left 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 2.5in 3.0in 3.5in 4.0in 4.5in 5.0in 5.5in 6.0in"><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore"><FONT size=3>40.</FONT><SPAN style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">& </SPAN></SPAN><FONT size=3>The “law” charged against the Accused in the instant matter bears no sign of authority on it’s face as recorded in the “New Jersey Revised Statutes.”<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">& </SPAN>It carries with it no evidence that the Legislature of the State of New Jersey, pursuant to <B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">Article IV, Section VII, part. 6 [/b]of the Constitution of the State of New Jersey, is responsible for said law.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">& </SPAN>Without an enacting clause the law referenced in the complaint has no official evidence that it is from an authority which the Accused is subject to or required to obey.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">& </SPAN>As noted in various authorities the citizen is not expected or required to search through other records or books for enacting authority.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">& </SPAN>If such enacting authority is not “on the face” of the laws which are referenced in a complaint, then “they are not laws of this state” and thus are not laws to which this Accused is subject.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">& </SPAN>Furthermore, the Supreme Court of Washington has already ruled that the RCW is not the law, and so has the New Jersey Supreme Court, so obviously no criminal prosecution can depend on such a charge.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">& </SPAN>As there can be no crime for failing to follow laws which do not constitutionally exist, the instant court is estopped from proceeding. Equality under the law is paramount, and mandatory by law.</FONT></FONT><o><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3>&</FONT></o>
<P class=Level1 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: 0in list .5in left 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 2.5in 3.0in 3.5in 4.0in 4.5in 5.0in 5.5in 6.0in"><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore"><FONT size=3>41.</FONT><SPAN style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">& </SPAN></SPAN><FONT size=3>Since the Respondent was charged under a constitutionally non existent statute, everyone involved can be subject to felony charges for Filing of: </FONT></FONT>
<P class=Level1 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0in; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-list: none; tab-stops: 0in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 2.5in 3.0in 3.5in 4.0in 4.5in 5.0in 5.5in 6.0in"><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3>a) False document, </FONT>
<P class=Level1 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0in; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-list: none; tab-stops: 0in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 2.5in 3.0in 3.5in 4.0in 4.5in 5.0in 5.5in 6.0in"><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3>b) Harassment, </FONT>
<P class=Level1 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0in; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-list: none; tab-stops: 0in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 2.5in 3.0in 3.5in 4.0in 4.5in 5.0in 5.5in 6.0in"><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3>c) Constitutional violations punishable under 28 USC, par. 2679, ( b ) ( 2 ) ( A ) for the judge. </FONT>
<P class=Level1 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0in; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-list: none; tab-stops: 0in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 2.5in 3.0in 3.5in 4.0in 4.5in 5.0in 5.5in 6.0in"><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3>d) Violations of the Frauds and Swindles statutes as put forth in 18 USC, sec. 1341 where it states: “ Whoever having devised or intending to devise any scheme or artifice to defraud, or for obtaining money or property by means of false or Fraudulent representation - - - - .” The statutes the Respondent was charged under, was misrepresented as having the full force and effect of law, </FONT>
<P class=Level1 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0in; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-list: none; tab-stops: 0in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 2.5in 3.0in 3.5in 4.0in 4.5in 5.0in 5.5in 6.0in"><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3>e) Violations of the Mail fraud statutes for enforcing the fraud while using the mails of the United States .</FONT>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: 0in .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 2.5in 3.0in 3.5in 4.0in 4.5in 5.0in 5.5in 6.0in" align=center><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3>Conclusion</FONT>
<P class=Level1 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: 0in list .5in left 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 2.5in 3.0in 3.5in 4.0in 4.5in 5.0in 5.5in 6.0in"><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore"><FONT size=3>42.</FONT><SPAN style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">& </SPAN></SPAN><FONT size=3>The Accused asserts, and has shown by competent authority, that the violation of the purported “law” charged in the instant matter is not valid, as the law given does not conform to certain constitutional prerequisites, and thus is not law at all, thereby preventing the above named court from having subject matter jurisdiction.</FONT></FONT>
<P class=Level1 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0in; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-list: none; tab-stops: 0in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 2.5in 3.0in 3.5in 4.0in 4.5in 5.0in 5.5in 6.0in"><FONT size=3><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 4">& </SPAN><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">& </SPAN>Remedy</FONT></FONT>
<P class=Level1 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: 0in list .5in left 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 2.5in 3.0in 3.5in 4.0in 4.5in 5.0in 5.5in 6.0in"><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore"><FONT size=3>43.</FONT><SPAN style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">& </SPAN></SPAN><FONT size=3>Wherefore, the Accused requests that this court order the dismissal of the instant case, cancellation of any charges under the non existent statute, remove the arrest order, and expunge the record. If done so within ten ( 10 ) days, the respondent will consider leaving the issue alone of any further claims against the City of Sayreville for wrongful, and malicious prosecution.</FONT></FONT>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: 0in .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 2.5in 3.0in 3.5in 4.0in 4.5in 5.0in 5.5in 6.0in"><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3>Respectfully submitted this 6<SUP>th</SUP> day of April, 2004,</FONT></DIV>


<FONT size=3><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 8"> </SPAN>______________________________.</FONT></FONT>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: 0in .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 2.5in 3.0in 3.5in 4.0in 4.5in 5.0in 5.5in 6.0in"><FONT size=3><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 8">& </SPAN>Pawel Waldemar Pluta</FONT></FONT>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: 0in .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 2.5in 3.0in 3.5in 4.0in 4.5in 5.0in 5.5in 6.0in"><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3>CC:<SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1">& </SPAN>Prosecuting Attorney</FONT>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: 0in .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 2.5in 3.0in 3.5in 4.0in 4.5in 5.0in 5.5in 6.0in"><SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3>& </FONT></SPAN>


&

Point number 40 bothers me. Have you actually check if this is true, specifically this part:

"Furthermore, the Supreme Court of Washington has already ruled that the RCW is not the law, and so has the New Jersey Supreme Court, so obviously no criminal prosecution can depend on such a charge"

How would somebody verify whether or nt the New Jersey Supreme Court also ruled that the NJC, or RCW for that matter, is not the law?

solution to what I just complained about above was posted to Paul's account of his court hearings:

[idknow]

Greets from the most high, his son Jesus and me.

I re-editted this for plain text.
--

[quote=goldphoenix]Questions on "person" and legalise.


I've noticed in ORC, here is definition of "whoever" and "another" in general definitions for the code:

A) "Whoever" includes all persons, natural and artificial; partners; principals, agents, and employees; and all officials, public or private.

B) "Another," when used to designate the owner of property which is the subject of an offense, includes not only natural persons but also every other owner of property.


&


Person is defined as:

C) "Person" includes an individual, corporation, business trust, estate, trust, partnership, and association.

under administrative procedures person is defined as:

(F) "Person" means a person, firm, corporation, association, or partnership.

Here is definition of "disabled condition" and "disabled person":

(A) "Disabled condition" means the condition of being unconscious, semiconscious, incoherent, or otherwise incapacitated to communicate.

(B) "Disabled person" means a person in a disabled condition.

Question on this:
does a legal fiction have "consciousness"?
can a legal fiction "communicate"?
are legal fictions "disabled"?
or in a "disabled condition"?

"person" under civil long arm statutes is defined as:

"person" includes an individual, his executor, administrator, or other personal representative, or a corporation, partnership, association, or any other legal or commercial entity, who is a nonresident of this state.

Here is a definition of "obligor" under the long arm statute of UIFSA in Ohio:

(M) "Obligor" means an individual, or the estate of a decedent to which any of the following applies:
(1) The individual or estate owes or is alleged to owe a duty of support;

(2) The individual is alleged but has not been adjudicated to be a parent of a child;
(3) The individual or estate is liable under a support order.

I can't find the definition of "individual" anywhere though, or "natural."
Any thoughts, ideas,&or comments would be appreciated.
Best wishes,
goldphoenix

[Gary Okupant]

So is their a Personal Person? I have inalianable rights; Is that a natural person or a Personal Person? I have sovereign rights. is that inalianable, or personal or natural? Is that why jurisdiction of a court; is on the person; vs
personal person?

[idknow]

Originally Posted by kgod999

so, are you saying that code applies only to artificial persons, corporations,etc.?& the lack of a enacting clause is a big issue to those who use common law. you are right though about the office of person when u look at the fact that persons commit the crime, not flesh and blood men and women.

In real life, out here in the real world, when I discuss what the law is by practical examples, I say

"The law applies to whomever it is written to, and the first thing a reader of the law must do is determine if the law applies to them, for instance, the law against homocide:
the law used to apply to every man and woman who ended the life of another man or woman, of any age, without cause.

Now, since the law has changed because everything is now in commerce, even murder and homocide, the law applies only to PERSONS!!! This is a significant departure from the law as God defined it.""

Of course the above quote is only an excerpt of what I say to whomever I'm speaking with but the point is made, that the law, what the legislature votes on and the governor or president signs into law, doesnt apply to everyone.

so, the law applies to whom it is written to.

Questions?

[idknow]

Originally Posted by FlunkyNoMo

It is my understanding that when the definition of a word is unavailable in a legal dictionary a dictionary such as Webster's is consulted.
Regarding "natural" Webster's reads:
n 1One born without the usual powers of reason and understanding: IDIOT
From this one could reasonably conclude that only a natural (idiot) person would think that they are described in the code as a "natural person".

& FNM&

wow, that's an excellent quote. where did you find that?

[idknow]

Originally Posted by Gary Okupant

So is their a Personal Person? I have inalianable rights; Is that a natural person or a Personal Person? I have sovereign rights. is that inalianable, or personal or natural? Is that why jurisdiction of a court; is on the person; vs
personal person?

LOL
it's not polite to use different tenses of the same word repeatedly for failure to properly distinguish the questions you asking

I am unable to answer your questions at this moment
please rephrase/rewrite?
thanks.

[Shoonra]

Getting back to the original topic, the enacting clause, there is this very recent decision of the US Circuit Court of Appeals for the 11th Circuit, in a case from Georgia, in which a prison inmate (convicted of selling child pornography) tried to challenge the law under which he was prosecuted.

(Wm.P.) White v. U.S. (11 Cir., April 6, 2006) 175 Fed.Appx. 292 at 294 (emphases addedO:

... White argued that the district court lack subject-matter jurisdiction because 18 U.S.C. sec. 2252(a)(3) was not a bona fide act of Congress since there was no enacting clause of the law's face as contained in the U.S. Code. He acknowledged that the Federal Constitution did not require such an enacting clause, but noted that many states did. White's claim is meritless for three reasons. First, as he admits, the United States Constitution does not require that federal laws contain an enacting clause. Second, the statute under which White was convicted, 18 U.S.C. sec. 2252, was originally enacted as the "Protection of Children Against Sexual Exploitation Act," Pub.L. 95-225, 92 Stat. 7, and contained an enacting clause. The Act was amended to include sec. 2252(a)(3) with the Crime Control Act of 1990, Pub.L. 101-647, 104 Stat. 4789, which also contained an enacting clause. There is no federal authority for White's argument that the lack of an enacting clause on the face of a federal statute or in publication of that statute renders it invalid. So, third, even if White's allegations that the statute of conviction lack an enacting clause were true, he cannot show that he is entitled to relief.